Saturday, November 30, 2013

Drew Bissell PAEP reflection

Drew Bissell

COR-230

Ethics and the Environment

12/04/13

PAEP Individual Reflective Analysis

Environmental Ice Creamers 4 Life

May 5, 1978 marked the opening day for Ben & Jerry’s ice cream shop in Burlington, Vermont.  Founded by Ben Cohen and Jerry 

Greenfield, the two began their lives as best friends and eventual business partners in junior high school and after hard times in college, 

they took an ice cream making course from Penn State University and combined all the money they had together and began business using 

an old-fashioned ice cream freezer.  And with the expansion of their business came their involvement in environmental clean-up, 

community strengthening, and many charity organizations.  Which only made them a more favorable business to work with.  (Our 

History).

“To reduce our greenhouse gas emissions to respond to the challenge of climate change, which is real, which, in our opinion, humans 

are clearly creating, and which isn’t going away anytime soon. In our Vermont manufacturing plants, we have invested aggressively in 

energy-efficient technology from cooling systems to lighting to water and waste management systems.”  (SEAR 2010).  Ben & Jerry’s is 

very aware of the effect we as humans have brought to this world.  They do everything they can to reduce their footprint (or hoofprint as 

Ben & Jerry’s would say) that all business leaves in the environment because they believe things are only getting worse because of us, so 

they want to change that.  Technology they use, like the ‘Cleaner Greener Freezers’ equipped in all Ben & Jerry’s facilities.  These freezers 

use hydrocarbon (essentially propane) which is significantly easier on electricity and a natural gas that pollutes the environment a lot less 

than regular refrigerants.  In December 201, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) approved the petition for the commercial 

use of hydrocarbon freezers in the U.S.  (Cleaner Greener Freezer).

Ben & Jerry’s is Fairtrade certified.  This policy is probably what Ben & Jerry’s values most about their company.  “Fairtrade is 

about making sure people get their far share of the pie.  The whole concept of fair trade goes to the heart of our values and the sense of 

right and wrong.  Nobody wants to buy something that was made by exploiting somebody else.”  Jerry Greenfield  (Fairtrade).  Fairtrade 

is a global movement that ensures small farmers in developing countries their completion and sustainability in the global economy. When 

you buy Fairtrade certified products, you are providing that farmer who grew the Fairtrade ingredients with a fair price for their harvest. In 

return, Fairtrade farmers use environmentally safe farming practices, implement fair working conditions, and invest in their communities. 

Fairtrade is a perfect model that helps to ensure the global economy is serving people, not the other way around.  (Fairtrade Progress).  

Another incredible policy they have is their stance and use of cage-free eggs for every and all of their products.  Cage-free eggs are birds 

raised with complete freedom within the facility and never put inside of an individual cage.  Being raised this way allows the birds to be 

brought up in the least stressful environment as possible with the most room possible.  This in turn, allows the birds to grow in the most 

realistic and natural way possible, even though it is still not the best way to raise them, but this method is the most sufficient way for us 

Takers to raise birds while still keeping them comfortable and relaxed so they can grow their own way.  Although this may not make the 

fattest birds, it makes the healthiest, both the bird and the product.  Certified Humane cage-free standards ensure that laying hens have 

wholesome, nutritious food, access to clean water, and adequate space to engage in normal behaviors, among other criteria crafted by 

veterinary professionals.  (Cage-free Eggs).

Ben & Jerry’s ethics are practically flawless.  “We have a progressive, nonpartisan social mission that seeks to meet human needs 

and eliminate injustices in our local, national and international communities by integrating these concerns into our day-to-day business 

activities. Our focus is on children and families, the environment and sustainable agriculture on family farms.”  (Ben & Jerry’s Mission 

Statement).  They want to create a much more economically friendly environment with new opportunities for those who have been denied 

them and to implement new models of economic justice that are sustainable and reproducible.  “The growing of food is overly reliant on 

the use of toxic chemicals and other methods that are unsustainable. We support sustainable and safe methods of food production that 

reduce environmental degradation, maintain the productivity of the land over time, and support the economic viability of family farms and 

rural communities.”  (Ben & Jerry’s Mission Statement).  They will show a deep respect for human beings inside and outside their 

company and for the communities in which they live.  Along with all of that, Ben & Jerry’s is working towards having the least negative 

impact on the environment as possible.  But what hits it out of the park is their involvement in trying to achieve more nonviolent ways to 

find peace and justice in humanity.  “We believe government resources are more productively used in meeting human needs than in 

building and maintaining weapons systems.”  (Ben & Jerry’s Mission Statement).

Something that is definitely worth pointing out about Ben & Jerry’s are their mission statements.  The three they have are their social 

mission, product mission, and their economic mission.  Their social mission states that: “To operate the Company in a way that actively 

recognizes the central role that business plays in society by initiating innovative ways to improve the quality of life locally, nationally and 

internationally.”  Their product mission states that: “To make, distribute and sell the finest quality all natural ice cream and euphoric 

concoctions with a continued commitment to incorporating wholesome, natural ingredients and promoting business practices that respect 

the Earth and the Environment.”  Their economic mission states that: To operate the Company on a sustainable financial basis of 

profitable growth, increasing value for our stakeholders and expanding opportunities for development and career growth for our 

employees.”  Behind the missions of Ben & Jerry’s is the fulfillment they seek in new and creative ways to address all three parts while 

holding a deep respect for individuals in and outside the company and for the communities they are a part of.  (Mission Statement).

Ben & Jerry’s has progressed tremendously over the years.  From the years 2005-2007 were what I believe to be some of their most 

significant years in progression for the environment.  In 2005, Ben & Jerry’s protested the proposed oil drilling in Alaska by teaming up 

with the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge and making a 900 pound Baked Alaska from Fossil Fuel ice cream.  They lit the giant dessert on 

fire as required by the recipe and served in to the community all taking place on the lawn of the US Capital building with the help of 

Greenpeace and the Alaska Wilderness League.  (Timeline: Drilling is Not the Answer).  In 2006,  “Ben & Jerry's continues to support 

Fair Trade adding Vanilla and Chocolate to the line up of Coffee, Coffee Coffee BuzzBuzzBuzz. Fair Trade certification guarantee's that 

the farmers who grow the vanilla, cocoa and coffee beans get a fair price for their harvest, enabling them to reinvest in their land and 

communities.”  (Timeline: Fairtrade Upgrade).  In 2007, they introduced the “Truth or CLONE-sequence.”  “When the U.S. Food & Drug 

Administration declared that it believed meat and milk from cloned animals was safe to eat, we were beside ourselves, twice over! To 

show our disappointment with the FDA's decision – and to urge Americans to speak out against cloning – we send a determined herd of 

cow-costumed folks to Washington, D.C. for a ‘Truth or Clone-sequences’ demonstration.”  (Timeline: Truth or CLONE-sequences).

When this project started, I was less than pleased I had to go out of my way to do a project for school.  Once we separated into our 

groups, my group almost immediately decided on Ben & Jerry’s and I became a little bit more enthusiastic for this project because what 

could be more fun than going to an ice cream factory?  Then came the hard part, getting to the factory and touring it.  There wasn’t any day 

at the time that would of worked for our entire group to go take the tour, so three of the four of us went out there to take the tour.  That’s 

when things got terrible.  I had to go home later that day so we were short on time as is, but the tour we tried to make was starting once we 

arrived and they wouldn’t let us join in, and the next one didn’t start for another forty-five minutes or so.  So in the end, we didn’t get the 

tour we went for, instead we did something better and took our own tour and did our own research.  Next came our group meetings where 

we discussed and created everything, from drafts to finals and the imagining to the poster.  We met at least three times but definitely more 

than I can count.  I was home the day the rest of the group created the final poster for printing but I still got to take a look at it and give my 

input before the printing occurred.

In the end, this project ended up being better than I anticipated.  I had a very good time making the trip out to the facility with my 

group members, doing our own thing.  I had fun learning about Ben & Jerry’s and how they manage and operate their company and views 

on the world and its issues.  I went to an agricultural high school myself, majoring in Plant Science but I still had many classes in the 

Animal Science and Environmental Science majors so I really do appreciate what they do for the environment because I am a bit of a 

crunch-head myself.  I am also extremely appreciative for their efforts towards the community, world peace, equality for all humans, and 

even their support for freedom of marriage.  It’s not very often that one finds a company that cares so much about this planet from the 

inside out on all levels.  It is the kind of company I would want to work for because they have the same views and stances on almost 

everything I do, but they are the only one doing something about it.  I want to do something about it too.  This is the kind of company I 

want to see take over the world, because Google doesn’t have the first concern about the world, they only care about money and power.  

How much power does Ben & Jerry’s have?  And how much money do they have compared the Google?  Most likely an extraordinary 

difference in both cases.  And that is what makes them such an important business that really can and will make a difference for this 

world, and that is something we need, because we have gone too far down the wrong path. 

After complete and UTTER disappointment from missing the only tours we could get to and long, brutal hours of many group meets, 

we finally finished our group poster and got it printed.  The challenges faced were challenging to say the least, but we wanted to make it 

look as professional as possible and keep our presentation conversation oriented so the class doesn’t get lost in another show and tell.  

And now I present to you, the Environmental Ice Creamers 4 Life!

Works Cited

"Ben & Jerry's Ice Cream." Ben & Jerry's. Paramount Pictures, 2013. Web. 20 Nov. 2013. 


Friday, November 29, 2013

Katelyn's PAEP Individual Reflection on the Phenomenon of Hydroponics

Katelyn Michell
Dr. Williams
Ethics and the Environment
12/2/13
PAEP Individual Reflection

            The PAEP project was truly a learning experience and was a great way to help us as student get out into the community and learn about the different ways local people are helping the environment while contributing to the flow of society. With all the talk in class about agriculture and farming, my group and I felt it was very fitting to go and visit a farm that practices both traditional farming, as well as hydroponic farming, which is what we focused on in our project. It was fun to be able to work with students I wouldn’t normally work with and put our opinions and ideas together to collect the correct information and put together a professional poster. It is also awesome to know that all of the people and business’ the class interviewed were willing to share what they do and about their lives. Doing this helps the student body and community become more informed about ethics and the environment and how it directly affects the world we live in.
            At home, my summer job for the past 4 years has been working on a local vegetable farm as a cashier. This farm has a couple hydroponic greenhouses, so going into the visit I already knew a little bit about the process and how it differs from conventional farming. Hydroponic farming has actually been around for a very long time, but in different forms. Many cultures, like the Aztecs, used hydroponics for farming because of their limited nutrient rich soil and dry weather. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon were maintained using hydroponics, and by taking out the use of soil in the process, many more parts of the world can use its benefits to their advantage. This important factor is now being emphasized in modern day farming. Areas of the world that do not have farmable land, but have access to water can use hydroponic farming and provide a greater surplus of food than any other type of farming, for a much cheaper cost. Hydroponic farming is much more sustainable for the environment, since it is all done in the same greenhouse and the soil is not being disrupted by continuous replanting. Water is also conserved through hydroponic farming, approximately 70% to 90% to be exact, by continually circulated the water through the systems. Hydroponic farming has been perfected throughout the years and has become a much more popular and efficient way to farm in the present.
            There are many strict rules put in place by the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program to prevent the runoff of water used in hydroponic farming, as well as traditional farming, which would include fertilizer and pesticides. Farms must obtain a permit before they can dispose of any water into a national body of water, within the permits boundaries. Dave Hartshorn, who we spoke to for the project, told us that he couldn’t certify the hydroponic portion of his farm as Organic because the process does not contain coil. The definition of Organic farming implies the use of soil, so hydroponic farming would not meet the requirements. These policies different around the world, such that in Europe, hydroponic farming can be certified Organic.
            The science of Hydroponic farming is quite a process when starting out and being explained, but once the equipment is set up and ready to go, there is much less labor that must go in compared to conventional farming. Hydroponic farming is done in large greenhouses without any use of soil. Seeds are placed into flats of what is called rock fiber, which is made up of many small square pouches that absorb water and can be ripped apart easily. Once the seeds become seedlings, each pouch is ripped off and placed into a hole, the same size, in long plastic tubes. These tubes are strategically placed, evenly throughout the greenhouse, perpendicular to the length of the greenhouse. They are raised up at waist height by metal tubes that run the length of the greenhouse and provide water to each perpendicular tube containing the pods of seedlings. The plastic tubes are angled toward the ground so gravity pulls the water throughout the entire tube and back to the beginning, in a cycle. The water is continually cycled throughout the greenhouse and each plant gets the same and sufficient amount of water, so they never dry out or get overwatered. The temperature is regulated throughout the greenhouse, especially in the winter, but the main source of heat is the sun, which works with the technology of the greenhouse. Fans are placed at the front of the greenhouse to help regular temperature and when turned on, it causes water to cascade down the back wall and act as an air conditioner for the greenhouse. There is also a biomass wood furnace used to heat the greenhouse in the winter. Once the heads of lettuce or basil are mature and ready to be picked, they are pulled out of the holes by the pods and are ready to be sold. Since no soil is used, there is no need to wash the plants, which saves time for the workers.
            Aphids and whiteflies are a danger to hydroponic plants and are prevented by the releasing of beneficial bugs that will eat the dangerous ones. The water comes from about 420 feet below the greenhouse and does require cleaning since iron may be present in the water.  There is about 140 hours of labor per week, according to Dave, and at the Hartshorn farm only two people do this work. A greenhouse of this size could employ 20 to 30 people. Hydroponic farming can be used to grow lettuce, basil and other herbs, cucumbers, tomatoes, and much more. It takes about three weeks to grow lettuce, and about six for basil. There are not too many hydroponic farms in Vermont, but it is becoming much ore popular because of its cheapness in the long run and environmental friendliness that it entails. Farmers no longer are overusing the soil and depleting its nutrients, or contaminating it with fertilizers and pesticides.
            Ethics always come up when discussing farming and agriculture, since it is the takers affecting and disrupting our environment. Many times the negative affects of conventional farming are put aside because people believe the benefits of more convenient and cheap practices out way the destruction they may cause. Using a water-based growing system under fluorescent lighting a controlled temperature is typically looked at as very naturalistic, or at least very beneficial to the environment since it is not being disrupted in the process. There are no fertilizers or pesticides used in the process, so it is much more natural to eat and for the environment. Although it is very much opinion, there are a lot of ethical issues that come up with conventional farming, but very few that are prominent for hydroponic farming. It is innovative and can be used on a much more widespread scale of the world.
            Once the group was able to contact Hartshorn farm and set up a meeting time, we were very excited, but the process we had to go through to get to that point was a little frustrating. Everyone in the group had good ideas of places to go and research and once we agreed on one, we immediately contacted them. Unfortunately, after trying to schedule a meeting with two companies, we were unsuccessful due to busy times at the offices and understaffing. This was a little frustrating because we did not think that our visit would take too much time, and only required one person to take some time to talk to us. Fortunately, we got in contact with Dave at Hartshorn farm and learned so much about hydroponic farming and how it directly relates to what we learn in Ethics and the Environment. Finding a time for all of the members to meet was definitely a struggle because we all have such busy schedules, but everyone tried to make every meeting and contribute equally. I was very impressed at how well we all worked together, which made completely the project much less stressful. Although communication was a bit difficult, we were able to gather all our information and equally provide our input and work to the project.
            Agriculture and farming were two of the biggest topics we discussed in class and always reverted back to them after discussing almost any topic. Agriculture and taker culture, explained in Ishmael, are very closely tied. The greenhouses are definitely not a natural occurring phenomenon, and there is a lot of machinery and labor power that goes into the whole process. On the other hand, it does not completely fit the taker definition, because there is no use of soil or reuse of fields, which destroys the land and its nutrients. Water is also being reused constantly, which follows the peacekeeping law. The plants need a certain amount of water to survive, and that amount is continually circulated throughout the system. Hydroponics is a great representation of taker culture taking a step closer towards sustainability and much more ethical practices. It is such a new technology and it is really catching on in the world. Desjardins explains in his books that the world of technology is expanding and this is both positive and negative to the environment. Hydroponics is an example of a positive aspect of takers technological growth. As explained by Hughes in many of the case study’s that were present, hydroponics have been around for thousands of years, done in many different ways by different cultures, and has helped societies stay extremely sustainable and efficient with their resources as compared to traditional agriculture. There is still so much to learn and be discovered about agriculture, but I think that hydroponics is definitely a big step in the right direction for the world.

Works Cited

"Aquaculture - Laws, Regulations, Policies, and Guidance." EPA. Environmental Protection
Agency, n.d. Web. 20 Nov. 2013.

DesJardins, Joseph R. Environmental Ethics: An Introduction to Environmental Philosophy.
Australia: Wadsworth Cengage, 2013. Print.

"History of Hydroponics | « Boswyck Farms." Boswyck Farms RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Nov.
2013.

Hughes, J. Donald. An Environmental History of the World: Humankind's Changing Role in the
Community of Life. London: Routledge, 2001. Print.


Quinn, Daniel. Ishmael. New York: Bantam/Turner Book, 1995. Print.

Thursday, November 28, 2013

Rachel's PAEP Individual Reflective Analysis

 Rachel Hatem 
COR 230 
Williams 
13 November 2013 
PAEP Individual Reflective Analysis 
Intervale Farm and Sustainable Agriculture 

Since as early as the 19th century the practice of sustainable agriculture has been around and practiced, although it may have no been called this early on. Before the use of totalitarian agriculture came to be popular, farmers all over farmed in small plots that were relatively environmentally friendly. The idea of sustainable agriculture is that it is farming while understanding the relationship between organisms in their environment (MacRae). The Intervale Center was established in 1986, by Will Raap, founder of Gardener's Supply. Raap spearheaded the Intervale clean-up project to restore the 700 acres and it's agricultural roots and help feed the city of Burlington, Vermont again (History). After over 20 years of restoring the Intervale to what it one was, this center for sustainable agriculture has become nationally recognized center for farming.  
The science behind sustainable agriculture is mainly what has to be done in order to save water and energy. Conventional farming used many pesticides and large machinery  to make to efficient when farming. With sustainable farming, they try very hard to avoid these types of the tactics because they are bad for the environment. Sustainable Farmers avoid these by growing crops in greenhouses during the winter so that they can control the environment that they are in. Growing in a greenhouse can also help them control the irrigation and moisture levels in the air.  
The policies that occur in the United States for the farming is that conventional farmers must follow certain policies, but over all they are aloud to do what they wish with the land that they farm on. Conventional farmers are aloud to farm next to rivers and other bodies of water. The Agricultural Adjustment Act is a policy that pays farmers for the crops that they grow and supply to the country in order to feed the country. The policy also makes it so farmers are not allowed to farm on all of their land, but are allowed to do with it what they want (Agricultural) 
Ethically, I personally think that sustainable farming is good for the environment and everyone in general. At centers like the intervale, sustainable farming is a way for communities to come together and live a happy, healthy life, that also doesn't harm the environment. With sustainable farming, there are no pesticides used which is also an ethical decision for the environment and farming in general.  
The process of this research project was somewhat difficult at first. When we first were trying to pick a company to do this project on we had many ideas that theoretically would work, but when it came to executing it would not. Once we decided on the Intervale Center, it made it a lot easier to perform the assignment. Before we went to the Center to look around and really understand what we were studying, we did some research on the intervale and learned what they really were all about. Once we finished all of our reasearch on the Center we went to the center and walked around on our own and took pictures.  
After all this stuff was done, the hard part came of making out poster. This may not sound challenging but we wanted to make it look as professional as possible. To me, the creation of the poster was the part of the poster that took the most team work, and required the most collaboration of all of our previous research of the intervale, as well as knowledge of sustainable agricultural. 

Work Cited   

MacRae, Rod. "History of Sustainable Agriculture." History of Sustainable Agriculture. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Nov. 2013. <http://eap.mcgill.ca/AASA_1.htm>. 

"History." Intervale Center RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Nov. 2013. <http://www.intervale.org/about-us/history/>. 

"Agricultural Adjustment Act." Agricultural Adjustment Act. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Nov. 2013. <http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1639.html>.